This study focuses on the interpretation of national security in Hungary and on the changes and open questions related to its regulatory and institutional framework. The author examines this issue in a synthetic manner, situating it within the transformations of the information age, their social and political impacts, and the resulting geopolitical and security implications. In addition to adopting a broader -Anglo-Saxon - approach to national security, the study seeks to draw attention to a kind of paradigm shift brought about by the information explosion, which, in the author's view, exerts a comprehensive impact on the national framework for the provision of security. A further aim of the paper is to lay the groundwork, through an overview of domestic developments, for future analyses and professional discourses that may support Hungary's adaptation to the dynamically changing security environment and to the environmental transformations stemming from the information domain.
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The article examines the evolving power dynamics of global digital markets, with particular emphasis on the geopolitical and regulatory competition between the United States, the European Union, and China. Drawing on the theoretical framework of weaponized interdependence, it explores how digital platforms functioning as critical network nodes within the global digital infrastructure may increasingly serve
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as instruments of state influence and coercion. The analysis further considers how the European Union, invoking the concept of digital sovereignty, seeks to mitigate its structural lag in digital innovation vis-à-vis the United States and China through a range of regulatory strategies. Particular attention is devoted to the legal nature of control over data, as the article critically examines the normative tension between conceptualizing data as a proprietary legal asset and treating it as a public good. The article argues that, in the context of the ongoing fragmentation of the technological world order -commonly referred to as the "splinternet" - European strategic autonomy can only be sustained if the Union succeeds in reinforcing its regulatory self-determination and ensuring effective control over data for both its citizens and its businesses.
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The ECtHR's jurisprudence on cases concerning the clash between the right to privacy and freedom of expression has grown considerably in the last two decades. The category of 'public interest', complemented by the status of 'public figures', is the cornerstone of the relevant ECtHR jurisprudence. This study examines how the contours of these vague concepts can be defined on the basis of case law, and what problems and inconsistencies arise from the Court's approach to these aspects. According to the conclusions of this paper, the public-interest category as applied by the ECtHR is excessively broad and, in its present form, does not serve as an adequate criterion for delineating the limits of the right to privacy. A more robust protection of privacy is necessary, especially in cases where it cannot be demonstrated convincingly that the information at issue relates to any significant public affair. Moreover, the public figure category is also ill-suited to assist in defining the boundaries of free speech in these cases. First, it does not acknowledge - or at least not to the degree required - that individuals within this category also possess a right to privacy. Second, treating both politicians and celebrities alike as public figures undermines the democratic justification, which would otherwise reserve heightened free speech protection for matters that are genuinely related to public affairs. Third, the distinction between public figures and others offers no solution when a private individual becomes involved in a public matter.
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Jelen tanulmány a közösségi média platformok önszabályozásának strukturális korlátait vizsgálja a kortárs üzleti és emberi jogi keretrendszer keretein belül. Noha a nagy platformok formálisan beágyazzák az emberi jogi kötelezettségvállalásaikat az ENSZ üzleti és emberi jogi irányelve, az OECD irányelvek és olyan ágazatspecifikus kezdeményezések, mint a Global Network Initiative keretében, azonban ezeknek a gyakorlati hatékonysága továbbra is vitatott. A tanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogy a platform-alapú emberi jogi kormányzás strukturálisan korlátozott az önkéntes megfelelés logikája által, amely az eljárási összehangolást és a hírnév legitimitását részesíti előnyben a bizonyítható emberi jogi eredményekkel szemben.
Módszertani szempontból a tanulmány egy kvalitatív, doktrinális-normatív kutatási módszertant fejleszt ki és alkalmaz, egy összehasonlító analitikus mátrixot, amely strukturált dokumentumelemzést ötvöz összehasonlító jogi értékeléssel. Az elemzés alapja a nyilvánosan elérhető vállalati emberi jogi politikák, kötelezettségvállalások, átláthatósági jelentések és kapcsolódó irányítási dokumentumok szisztematikus vizsgálata, amelyeket a kiválasztott közösségi média platformok tettek közzé. A mátrixot három domináns platformra - Meta, Google és TikTok - alkalmazza, a nyilvánosan elérhető irányítási dokumentumok, felügyeleti mechanizmusok és a legújabb szabályozási fejlemények alapján.
Az eredmények egy következetes mintát mutatnak: míg a platformok kifinomult emberi jogi politikákat és átvilágítási folyamatokat fogalmaznak meg, jelentős hiányosságok mutatkoznak a hatások enyhítésében, az elszámoltathatóságban és a jogorvoslathoz való hozzáférésben. A közelmúltbeli szabályozási fordulatok és a végrehajtási eljárások tovább érzékeltetik a önkéntes biztosítékok törékenységét. A tanulmány érvelése szerint, az EU átállása a nem kötelező érvényű jogi elvárásokról a kötelező érvényű átvilágítási, gondossági kötelezettségekre (due diligence) a vállalati emberi jogi irányítás strukturális átalakítását jelenti, amely a jóhírnév védelmére alapozott elszámoltathatóságot végrehajtható jogi felelősséggé alakítja át.
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The starting point of the study is that the EU's regulatory framework on artificial intelligence adopts a position on issues that are also significant from a philosophical standpoint, such as the nature of intelligence or technology as a tool. Accordingly, the study examines the philosophical preconditions for the attribution of rights. The study's key finding is that the EU - despite legally classifying the machine as intelligent - does not grant legal recognition at any level to machine pattern-recognition algorithms designated as artificial intelligence. The study concludes that this paradox may constitute a form of "AI washing" and that the conceptual assumption of reality may serve profit interests, to which European regulation has offered no substantive resistance.
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Restricting access to content posted by users on online platforms and demoting the visibility of user accounts are less conspicuous but all the more effective forms of content moderation. However, the failure to inform users of any restrictions affecting them (shadowbanning) fundamentally violates the DSA's obligation to provide justification and the GDPR's principle of transparency. This study examines the limited body of European regulatory and judicial practice to outline the requirements regarding the legality and transparency of online platforms' shadowbanning practices.
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Nuclear power generation on board spacecraft (electricity and heat production) is repeatedly brought to the fore by the American Artemis program and the Russian-Chinese International Lunar Research Station program, thus making the legal provisions of international treaties governing such activities increasingly important. There is also an opportunity to consider nuclear and space law treaties as successive treaties on the same subject matter and to examine the relationship between the agreements. The various actual and hypothetical cases highlighted by the author show that the relationship between the treaties of the two branches of law is well-regulated, but the contractual content of the regulatory areas, such as liability for damage, transportation, assistance, notification, and planetary protection, is incomplete. The solution and the answers to the questions that have arisen do not lie in jurisprudence, but in humanity's knowledge of the universe, the behavior of technologically advanced states, and their contractual will, which goes beyond the scope of this study. Thus, the author can only present the tip of the iceberg, while the part below the waterline will be revealed by the international community in the not too distant future.
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This study examines the specific private law position of animals in the field of inheritance law. Although the Civil Code generally stipulates that the rules applicable to things apply to animals, they require different treatment from inanimate objects during inheritance law succession. Based on this, the issues of the duty of care, the burden of inheritance and proper maintenance are analyzed. It can be said that the inheritance law of the legal status of animals is one of the most dynamically developing areas of private law. The change in the culture of keeping animals and the transformation of companion animals into "family members" creates a tension that needs to be resolved with the inheritance system based on classical property law. The topicality of this paper is that while civil law regulations continue to view animals as things, criminal law and animal protection norms already treat them as sentient beings, which can lead to serious anomalies in the application of law in the transitional period after the death of the testator. ■
Visszaugrás
